Describe a major result of the Civil War on the U.S and assess whether Essay

Depict a significant consequence of the Civil War on the U.S and evaluate whether the outcome was fortunate or unfortunate for the nation - Essay Example Their cash was nothing but bad and their homes, structures and foundation destroyed. It is assessed that one out of four guys of military age in the South either kicked the bucket or endured a devastating harming during the war (â€Å"The Civil War†, n.d.). There is no dependable contention seeing these two results regarding whether they were fortunate or unfortunate for the country. Despite the fact that rejoining the nation is still today a praised occasion in U.S. history, it eventually caused a negative result. The primary explanation that the Confederacy prevailing from the Union was the issue of States’ rights which are ensured by the Constitution however were totally lost after the Civil War. In many cases, singular states have the essential legitimate position to invalidate any activities taken by the government as depicted in the U.S. Constitution. This incorporates numerous lawful rights up to and including the option to succeed. The Founding Fathers drafted this idea into the Constitution since they knew very well that a decentralized national government is less inclined to become oppressive in light of the fact that the individuals are better ready to consider it responsible. The Founders’ aim was not really to give the states extra powers however to restrict the authority of the central government and to mitigate the dread that it would practice powers it was not given. This idea was comprehended by the Founders, the Confederacy and huge numbers of both traditionalist and liberal philosophy since the soonest beginnings of the country (Epstein, 2003). Inside Article I, Section Eight of the Constitution is a deliberately confined arrangement of duties apportioned to the central government. It prints the cash, directs trade and accommodates the basic protection, as it were, reserves the military. The 1819 U.S. Incomparable Court concluded that the central government likewise had certain ‘implied powers’ in the McCulloch v. Maryland

Civil Society and Global Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Common Society and Global Finance - Essay Example This change happened in the running century, in any case, it started during the 1990s; the explanation was expanding rivalry for monetary manageability and incomparability. In the running decade, the size of the monetary exercises is viewed as colossal than earlier decades, lamentably, this achievement is the expense of numbness or rebelliousness of social and natural commitments. The organizations are progressively keen on improving their monetary situations for acquiring credit office. The formulated money related strategies are incredibly joined to purpose of high income age, with the end goal that noteworthy natural and social angles have been bulldoze. Such practices was never practiced in twentieth century, the organizations considered consistence of social and ecological laws mandatory, the monetary benefits were abridges, creation numbers were decreased uniquely to make sure about the fundamental non-money related premiums, advantageous for the human culture (Clarkson, 2002). According to pundits, it was in 1980s when the global speculation system changed altogether. The ascribing factors towards such change included extra-normal increment in the volume of worldwide FDI streams and stocks; second, the rising degrees of corporate focus in high innovation worldwide creation coming about because of mergers, acquisitions and system connections, specifically vital business coalitions; and third, the turn of events and broad use of data advancements to global corporate association. During the 1980s and 1990s, the financial pointers of the world economy were negative, and serious log jam in the outside direct venture was seen, worldwide remote direct speculation streams declined in 1991 just because since 1982, tumbling from USD 230billion in 1990 to USD 180billion in 1991 (Jan 2002).â

Account Manager Resume Examples, Template, and Resume Tips

Account Manager Resume Examples, Template, and Resume Tips Over the past decade, there has been a steadily rising demand for account managers. Today, almost every company that deals with large clients employs account managers.For those not in the know, an account managers is a person who acts as a liaison between a company’s key clients and the company’s departments.The account manager is responsible for ensuring good client relationships by acting as a one-stop service for clients, while at the same time pursuing the company’s interests.It is the task of the account manager to form relationships with new clients and maintain existing relationships. Account managers also work in collaboration with the sales team to ensure sales targets are met.Despite the ever-increasing demand for account managers, there is a lot of competition for account manager positions.In 2016, the position of account manager was the most popular job for graduates, according to Forbes, with graduates earning a median salary of $50,000.Other major job sites also p eg the salary for account managers at over $50,000, with Indeed quoting the average base salary for account managers in 2020 at $61,062 annually, Glassdoor at $62,263 per year, and PayScale at $53,741 per year.With the relatively high levels of competition for account manager positions, you want to make sure that every aspect of your job search is designed to give you an advantage over your competition, and this starts with making sure that you have an optimized account manager resume.Remember, regardless of how qualified, skilled or experienced you are, if your resume is whack, you won’t be getting invited to the job interview or getting that job.Your resume is the first impression your prospective employer will have of you, and therefore you need to make sure that it proves to the employer that you are the best suited person to handle their accounts.Your resume needs to show your proficiency in duties like identifying business opportunities, interacting with stakeholders, commun icating customer requirements to various teams, ensuring that solutions are delivered to customers in a timely manner, and so on.Since the position of an account manager requires that you work closely with all kinds of people, your account manager resume also needs to show that you have strong interpersonal skills, as well as excellent communication skills and strong leadership skills.So, how do you create such a resume that gets hiring managers eager to meet you and hear what you can do for their organization?In this guide, I am going to show you exactly how to create an irresistible account manager resume that will have you booked for back to back job interviews.If you prefer building your resume automatically instead of doing everything from scratch, you can use our resume builder to create your account manager resume within a few minutes.Simply pick a template you like, add your resume content, and the resume builder will handle everything else for you with a single click.ACCOUN T MANAGER RESUME EXAMPLESBefore we get into how to write an account manager resume and the different sections you need to include in your resume, let’s start by looking at a few examples of some great account manager resumes.This way, you will have a clear idea of what we are trying to achieve right from the start.Entry Level Account Manager Resume Right Senior Account Manager Resume Right Create your own resumeBEST FORMAT FOR AN ACCOUNT MANAGER RESUMERecruiters and hiring managers do not have a lot of time to spend going through resumes, especially when they have hundreds of resumes to go through.Therefore, you want your resume to connect with the hiring manager immediately, the same way you help businesses connect with their customers. This starts with the format you choose to use on your account manager resume.The best format to use is the reverse-chronological resume format, because it allows you to quickly communicate your message by putting your most recent achievements first.The two sample resumes we looked at above are great examples of the reverse-chronological resume layout.This format allows the recruiter or hiring manager to quickly scan your resume and tell whether you have the qualifications and experience they are looking for or not.If you make it hard to find this information, your resume might get discarded even when you are the right fit for the job. To make it even easier for hiring managers to scan your resume, use professional resume fonts and utilize lots of white space.Finally, save your resume in PDF format, unless the job ad specifically states that you should use a different format. This is because most Applicant Tracking Systems (ATSs) are designed to read PDF formats.INTRODUCE YOURSELF WITH A WELL-WRITTEN PERSONAL INFORMATION SECTIONWhen you meet a prospective client, you start by introducing yourself.This sets off the interaction on the right foot. Similarly, since the recruiter or hiring manager has no knowledge of you before your resume lands on their desk, you should start by introducing yourself.Writing the personal information section of your account manager resume should be pretty easy. Here, you need to write your name, your professional title, your address (optional), your telephone number, and your email address.If you have a professional LinkedIn profile, you can also include a link to the profile.Below is a n example of a well written personal information section:Personal Information SectionAMANDA MEALING Senior Account Manager Address: Charlotte, North Carolina Telephone: +1-704-236-5689 Email: amandamealing@gmail.com LinkedIn: www.linkedin.com/mealingamanda RightBelow are a few things to keep in mind when writing the personal information section of your accounts manager resume:Use your full names as they appear on official documents. If you have a middle name, initialize it. For instance, instead of Amanda Louise Mealing, write Amanda L. Mealing.Avoid including information that could lead to a biased hiring decision, such as your marital status, gender, sexual orientation, race, or country of origin.Use a professional email address. Go for the format yourfullname@provider.com. Avoid using nicknames in your email address.If you have a professional LinkedIn profile, including a link to it in your personal information section. Keep in mind that 94% of recruiters are on LinkedIn and wil l often check out candidates on the social network before inviting them to interviews. Source: BambuBAIT THE RECRUITER WITH A COMPELLING RESUME SUMMARY OR OBJECTIVELike I mentioned earlier, recruiters and hiring managers are busy people. They don’t have lots of time to spend going through each single resume. Fortunately, because you used the reverse-chronological resume format that presented your most recent achievements first, your resume has gotten through the first round without getting eliminated.Still, this does not mean that you’ll get invited to the job interview. It still has to go through a second round of elimination.If you want to survive this round, you need to bait the recruiter and give them a reason for reason to read through your entire resume. To do this, you need to have a compelling resume summary or objective.The resume summary is an overview of your professional life as an account manager. It highlights your years of experience, your key skills, and your major achievements. The resume summary is best used when you have 3 or more years of experi ence.Below is an example of a great resume summary:SummaryCertified IT account manager with extensive experience spanning over 10 years. Has a proven track record of problem solving and relationship building skills, which I’m seeking to leverage to grow ROI for XYZ Ltd. Managed 7 junior account managers and oversaw over 40 accounts at Ostech Technologies. Improved Customer Satisfaction by 25% and increased revenue by 15%. RightIf you do not have a lot of experience, then you should go for the resume objective instead of the resume summary.The resume objective is all about showing your passion for the position you are applying for, since you don’t have any meaningful experience.The aim of the resume objective is to show the recruiter that you would really be a good fit for the job, even though you do not have lots of experience. It should also show that you have the kind of skills the recruiter is looking for.Below is an example of a great resume objective:Resume ObjectivePassio nate and energetic account manager aiming to improve customer satisfaction and customer retention for ABC Corporation. Helped boost retention by 20% as an intern at Jemslab Technologies by paying attention to client needs. Received commendations by management for my skill in dealing with difficult clients. RightBelow are some thing to keep in mind when writing your accounts manager resume summary or objective.Write is last so that you’ll have a good idea of what is contained in the rest of your resume. The summary or objective is an overview of the rest of your resume.Use the keywords used in the job advertisement in your resume summary or objective. This will increase the chances of your resume passing through the ATS.USE YOUR STELLAR ACCOUNT MANAGER EXPERIENCE TO PROVE THAT YOU’RE THE RIGHT FIT FOR THE JOBThe recruiter has read your resume summary and is now hooked.They are now interested in knowing more about you. Now is the time to convince them to pick the phone and book y ou for an interview by showing them your stellar account management experience.You want your experience to back the claims you just made in the resume summary.Here, you should give an overview of all your previous experience as an account manager and highlight your responsibilities and achievements while in these positions.Below are some things to keep in mind while writing the experience section of your account manager resume:Use bulleted points to describe your responsibilities and achievements. These are easier to scan and make your resume appear more organized and professional.Use the STAR format to structure your achievements. Basically, you should describe the Situation, the Task you were required to perform, the Action you took, and the Result you achieved.Use figures and statistics to quantify your achievements.If you have lots of experience, only include the experience that is most relevant to the position you are applying for.Below is an example of a well-written professio nal experience section:Professional Experience SectionSenior Account Manager, Amana Capital Ltd2017 to presentLeading and managing the accounts team.Maintaining and expanding relationships with key clients.Ensuring problem resolution and customer satisfaction. Improved customer satisfaction by 25% within first year.Coming up with strategies on how to grow the organizations key accounts. Grew key accounts by over 20% every year.Introduced and implemented the customer level pricing strategy, which increased revenue by 15%.Oversaw key accounts worth over $5 million in annual sales. RightIf you have no experience as an account manager, you can still convince the hiring manager that you are the right person for the job by mentioning any previous experience you have that requires skills that are transferrable to the role of an account manager, such as problem solving skills, customer service, relationship building, and so on.Even if this experience is from some volunteer position you too k while still in college, just mention it. The aim is to show that you have these skills and know how to apply them.ARE YOU MISSING OUT ON JOBS BECAUSE OF YOUR EDUCATION SECTION?Experience is the most important thing for account managers.However, this does not mean that you should ignore the education section of your account manager resume.The education section tells the recruiter that you are a qualified account manager, not someone who apprenticed their way to account management positions.The key things to do when listing your education is to mention the university you attended, the academic qualification you attained, and the year you graduated.You can also mention your GPA if it is above 3.5.However, if you want to set yourself apart from the other candidates, don’t stop there. Mention any achievements and accomplishments you attained while undertaking your education.Below is an example of a well-written education section:Education SectionEDUCATION2015 â€" 2019:   Bachelor of Business ManagementUniversity of WashingtonGPA 3.78Key AchievementsPresident of the university’s entrepreneurship organizationExcelled in marketing classesRan a blog on interpersonal skills RightTIP THE SCALES IN YOUR FAVOR BY HIGHLIGHTING YOUR ACCOUNT MANAGER SKILLSSo far, you have done pretty well in trying to convince the recruiter that you are the right person for the job.However, you want to make sure that they have no doubts about your abilities by mentioning your key skills.This way, even if they missed something while going through your experience section, your skills section will show them that you have the skills they are looking for.Some of the skills you might include in an account manager resume include:Examples of SkillsInterpersonal skillsAccount planningProblem solvingCommunication skillsNegotiation skillsSalesforceLeadership SkillsAttention to detailRelationship buildingHubSpot skillsCollaboration skillsSocial media skillsMS OfficeCreative thinkingData analytics Time management skills RightYou need to resist the temptation to include all these skills in your account manager resume.Honestly, no hiring manager is going to believe that you have all these skills, and therefore, including them all in your resume is akin to shooting yourself in the foot.Instead of doing that, what you should do is to go through the job ad, identify the skills the prospective employer is looking for, and then include them in your resume.However, if the employer is looking for a certain skill, and you know you are not good at that particular skill, do not include it in your resume.They might ask you to prove that you are good at that particular thing, and things will quickly go south for you. To avoid that, just be honest.When listing your skills, it is advisable to mix both soft and hard skills.Highlighting your hard skills shows that you have the technical skills required for the position of an account manager, while highlighting your soft skills shows that you have the people skills required to collaborate with colleagues and satisfy clients.GIVE YOURSELF AN EDGE BY ADDING OTHER SECTIONS IN YOUR ACCOUNT MANAGER RESUMEMost people will end their account manager resumes at the skills section, but since you want a resume that will give you an edge over the other candidates, you will add extra sections in your resume to show your passion for accounts management.You want the recruiter to know that account management is all that you live and breathe.Below are some of the extra sections you should consider adding in your account manager resume:CertificationsIf you have acquired any certifications related to account management, they are the perfect way to show recruiters your passion for accounts management, and you should therefore flaunt them in your resume.When listing your certifications, you should mention the name of the certification, the name of the issuing body, as well as the year when you received the certification.Volunteering Experien ceDo you have any volunteer experience in fields related to accounts management, or fields that allowed you to learn skills that are transferable to account management?Mention this experience. Describing your volunteer experience is actually a good way to cover your lack of actual account management experience (for entry level job seekers) or to cover employment gaps.Conferences And PublicationsIf you have attended or spoken at any conferences related to the account management field, or if your work has been featured in any relevant publications, don’t be afraid to toot your own horn. Your prospective employer will certainly be glad to have someone like you working for them.Below is an example of how to include additional sections in your account manager resume:Certification, Conferences and Publications SectionsCERTIFICATIONSCCNA â€" Cisco, 2017CSAM Account Manager Certification â€" SAMA, 2015CONFERENCESSAMA Account Management Conference 2019SAMA Account Management Conference 201 8PUBLICATIONSArticle on “Customer Retention” published on Harvard Business Review in 2019. RightWRAPPING UPWhile positions for account managers are quite competitive, you can place yourself miles ahead of the competition by following the tips described in this guide when writing your account manager resume. To summarize what you have learnt:Use the reverse-chronological resume format, which puts your most recent achievements first.Use your official names and a professional email address in the personal information section.Use a well-written, compelling resume summary or objective to bait the recruiter and convince them to read the rest of your resume.Prove you are the right person for the job by showcasing your stellar account management experience and linking it to what the recruiter is looking for.Tip the scales in your favor by showing you have the skills the recruiter is looking for.Add extra sections in your resume, such as certifications, volunteer experience, conferences and publications to show your passion in account management.Do that, and I can guarantee you that you’ll start getting more invites to job interviews.Finally, remember that you can always use our resume builder to automate the process of creating a professional account manager resume if you don’t want to do everything from scratch. Create your own resume

How Long Is Medical School M.D. Degree Timeline

A typical medical school program takes roughly 4 years to complete. However, the timing can vary depending on the institution, if you elect to take additional courses or a leave of absence, or pursue additional training like a Master’s of Public Health (MPH) degree. While obtaining an M.D. degree will take only 4 years, physicians are also required to complete training in a residency program, which can last up to 7 additional years, depending on the specialty. Even after completing a residency program, many also go into subspecialty fellowship training programs, which may take a couple of additional years to complete. With required continuing medical education courses and ongoing skill training, the educational journey of a doctor never really ends. The following information summarizes the M.D. degree timeline and what happens during each year of medical school.   Years 1 and 2: Pre-Clinical Coursework The first two years of medical school will be spent focused on science training. The time may be split between listening to lectures in the classroom and hands-on learning in the lab. During this time, in-depth education will explore the basic sciences, like anatomy, microbiology, chemistry, and pharmacology. Lectures will review the detailed knowledge of body structures, how functions manifest through physiology, and the interplay of different systems. Knowledge of medical concepts, diagnoses, and treatments for a wide variety of medical conditions will be built on this foundation. Much of the high-level knowledge obtained from these science and lab courses will be applied in practice patient interactions, like obtaining medical histories or conducting physical examinations.   The structure of the medical school curriculum can look different depending on the specifics of the program. In some schools, there may be a singular focus on one topic for 4-6 weeks before moving on to the next. Other medical schools may arrange 4 to 5 different courses to occur all at once, extended over a longer period of time. The structure of the curriculum and personal learning styles and preferences may be important to consider when choosing a medical school.   During the second year of medical school, students begin preparing for the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) Step 1. This exam is one of three tests that must be taken to demonstrate basic competence in the scientific disciplines and clinical practice of medicine. It is necessary to be well-prepared for questions on the concepts and mechanisms behind health, disease, and therapies. Most medical students take the Step 1 exam near the end of the second year, before starting clerkship rotations. Aside from coursework, the first two years are spent getting accustomed to the new pace of medical school, developing friendships and study groups, and learning more about medicine and long-term professional interests. The last official summer break for medical students, who ultimately spend decades in education and training, happens between the first and second years of medical school. Many students use this time to relax a bit and have fun. Some take vacations, get married, or even have children during this summer. It is also quite common for students to pursue research opportunities or volunteer work. This time may also be used as a preview to clinical rotations. Students may choose to seek out externships offered by the school, or they might reach out to faculty in a specialty of interest. Foreign language classes or other extracurricular interests may also be engaged. Year 3: Clinical Rotations Begin The hands-on training—called clinical rotations or clerkships—begins in the third year of medical school. This is when the real fun of medicine begins! Instead of spending most of the day in a lecture hall, classroom, or lab, the medical student transitions to time spent in the hospital or clinic. During these rotations, exposure to general patient care as well as a variety of specialties across a wide range of patient populations occurs. In most medical school programs, there are a core set of standard rotations required of every student. The following are some of these common basic or core clerkships:   Family Medicine: Delivery of comprehensive, generalized healthcare, usually in a clinical setting, to men, women, and children.Internal Medicine: Focused on disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment among adults, possibly with both a clinical and hospital practice, often used by medical students and residents as a foundation to specialty training (cardiology, pulmonary, infectious disease, gastroenterology, etc.).Pediatrics: Responsible for the delivery of comprehensive healthcare to infants, children, and teenagers, usually in a clinical or hospital setting.Radiology: Specializes in using various modalities of medical imaging for the diagnosis of diseases and treatment planning.Surgery: The application of surgical techniques in an operating room to treat or manage a variety of surgical conditions impacting any part of the body as well as post-operative care of hospitalized patients and those seen after discharge.  Neurology: Specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of disorde rs of the brain and nervous system.Psychiatry: Specializes in the diagnosis, treatment, and management of patients dealing with mental disorders.Obstetrics and Gynecology: Specializes in delivering healthcare to women, diagnosis and treatment of conditions affecting the female reproductive organs, and managing pregnancies, deliveries, and postpartum care.   Depending on the medical school, its location, and the surrounding hospitals and resources, there may be some very unique experiences and opportunities. For example, if you are in a more urban city, you may have rotations in emergency or trauma medicine.   By the end of the third year, it is possible to find a niche and select a specialty area for ongoing training with rotations during fourth year. Clinical rotations are a good time to consider interests as well as values, and develop skills that will help to select the types of residency programs to pursue.  It is also a great time to do things that may never be done again, but the memories and experiences shall persist. During the third year of medical school, it is also important to prepare for the USMLE Step 2 exam which is usually taken at the end of the year or early in the fourth year. The test assesses the knowledge acquired during general internal medicine rotations, the understanding of the principles of clinical science, and basic clinical knowledge and interpersonal skills, like communicating with patients or conducting physical examinations. This exam is split into two categories: Step 2 CS (Clinical Sciences) and Step 2 CK (Clinical Knowledge). Year 4: Final Year and Residency Matching   Clinical rotations will continue during the fourth and final year of medical school. It is common to pursue electives that fit long-term career interests and strengthen an application to residency programs. This is a typical time to complete sub-internships, also called â€Å"audition rotations.† During these clinical rotations, performance in a preferred specialty may be scrutinized and evaluated. It may help to strengthen a future letter of recommendation or even secure a position in the specialty program for continued training after graduation. These rotations can also happen at any institution in the country, allowing for an audition to an outside program that may be appealing for residency training.   While clinical rotations continue, it is also time to prepare the residency applications. Similar to how medical school applications are submitted through AMCAS, residency programs of interest are selected and applications are submitted through ERAS. The application typically opens around September 5, and residency programs can begin receiving applications around the 15th of September. In compiling the application, a medical student will choose residency programs of interest and rank them. After in-person interviews are completed, which usually occurs between October and February, these programs will submit their own ranking of desired applicants.   Based on a computer algorithm that compares these two sets of rankings, it will be possible to determine the best match between a candidate and an open residency position. During the Match Day ceremony, which typically occurs in March, medical students across the country open an envelope to learn their residency match and where they will spend the next years of their lives completing the required medical training.   After Medical School   Most residency programs begin at the start of July, with orientation in late June. Newly minted medical doctors may have some time off to transition to their new programs. Many choose to take a little vacation time before starting the next phase of their education and training.   During the first year of residency, time will be dedicated to prepare for the last USMLE exam, known as Step 3. This final exam must be passed in order to obtain an official medical license, useful to become recognized by a state medical board, and will grant the ability to practice medicine without supervision. Clinical medical knowledge, and how it is applied in an outpatient setting, is the last component of this required 3-step testing. This exam is the least difficult of the tests and is usually taken at the end of the first year, or during the second year, of the residency program. Sources and Further Reading Association of American Medical Colleges. ERAS ® for Medical Schools: Timeline.Association of American Medical Colleges. What to Expect in Medical School.  United States Medical Licensing Examination.

Pathways Through Financial Crisis - 7619 Words

Global Governance 12 (2006), 413– 429 Pathways Through Financial Crisis: India Arunabha Ghosh India survived near-crisis situations twice in the 1990s. How did internal and external constraints shape that country’s ability to respond to the crises? This article argues that India’s success can be attributed to four sets of decisions taken during the period 1991–1997: devaluation, involvement of the IMF, partial liberalization of the domestic financial sector, and gradual opening up of the external sector. The article analyzes the options, political opposition, and eventual outcomes for each set of decisions. India’s ownership of its reform program helped set the pace of reform, while close interaction between technocrats and the IMF added†¦show more content†¦Petroleum import costs in 1990–1991 increased by half to US$5.7 billion.10 The government had to bear the additional burden of airlifting and rehabilitating 112,000 Indian workers from the Middle East as remittances from the region declined.11 The second shock was global recessi on: world growth had declined from 4.5 percent in 1988 to 2.25 percent in 1991.12 Export growth in the United States—India’s largest market—turned negative in 1991. Conditions in the Soviet Union, another major export destination, had also worsened. In 1990–1991 India’s exports grew only 4 percent. India was also suffering from internal political instability. The fragile National Front coalition faced a nationwide crisis in the summer of 1990 over its affirmative action policies. By autumn, a campaign by the BJP (an upper caste–dominated coalition partner) to build a Hindu temple at the site of a sixteenth-century mosque in Ayodhya resulted in widespread communal violence. The government collapsed when the BJP pulled out. A new minority government failed to pass the scheduled budget in February 1991 when it lost the Congress Party’s external support. In May 1991, while Arunabha Ghosh 415 campaigning for the general elections, former prime minister Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated. In reaction, and in parallel to these developments, the economic situation worsened. By September 1990, net inflows of Non-Resident Indian deposits had turned negative. 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Zaara Fashion House †New Year Promotional Campaign Free Essays

Fashions is an exclusive fashion retail store of Bangladesh. It retails women, men, and kids fashionable apparels. Located in a prime zone of Goulash-l in Dacha, it gives customers freedom of choice regardless of their age, location, taste, season, and fashion persona. We will write a custom essay sample on Zaara Fashion House – New Year Promotional Campaign or any similar topic only for you Order Now Established and inaugurated in August 2009, the retail store KARA Fashions has successfully placed itself among the most celebrated and recognized retail stores of the country. The store produces an exclusive array of products and outfits. Most of these are designed and manufactured in house, while he rest are exclusively commissioned from the most talented craftsmen and weavers around the world. Its unique design and features symbolize aristocracy, and target the most elite customers of the country. Thus, KARA Fashions compliments a trendy lifestyle, and always ranks itself one step ahead with the latest styles and designs. Product Offerings KARA Fashions offers different ethnic and aristocratic products to their high end customers. They usually focus on the classy, gorgeous and ethnic products which will quench the aristocratic thirst of their potential customers. The main products that KARA Fashion offer are- Scares, Salsas Kamikaze, Sherwin, Suit, Shirt, Men’s accessories, Kids Wear, Jewelry, Cosmetics, Ladies Footwear, Ladies Bag etc. 2. Mission The mission of Kara Fashions Ltd. Is to provide their customers with exclusive products in order to compliment a trendy lifestyle. Thus they refer it as ‘A House of Exclusive Fashions. ‘ 3. Vision Kara Fashions Ltd aims to practice relationship marketing which involves creating, maintaining, and enhancing long-term relationship with their each and every customer. Thus, they believe to stay always one step ahead with the latest styles and designs. . Situation Analysis Today’s market is characterized by highly competitive organizations which are all vying for consumer’s loyalty. Firms are faced with the challenge to maintain their own competitive edge to be able to survive and be successful. Strategies are carefully planned and executed to gain the ultimate goal of all : company growth. However, external factors are not the only elements which influence growth. There are also internal factors, components working within the organization which shape the direction of the company. The company’s marketing environment influences the business organization directly. This includes the suppliers that deal directly or indirectly to the people within the business organization, the consumers and customers who demand for the products or services offered by the company, and other local stakeholders who influence the decision-making process or affected by the business decisions made by the business firm. As such, the marketing environment of a particular company describes the relationship between firms and the driving forces that control this relationship who are members of a specific industry wherein the relationship is local and the firm may exercise a degree of influence. The situation analysis of KARA Fashion House is described according to two types of environment in exists in- 1. Micro Environment 2. SOOT 3. Macro Environment Situational Analysis Figure 1. 1 The Micro Environment The term micro-environment denotes those elements over which the marketing firm has control or which it can use in order to gain information that will better help it in its marketing operations. In other words, these are elements that can be manipulated, or used to glean information, in order to provide fuller satisfaction to the company’s customers. This is accomplished through the manipulation of the variables over which a company has control in such a way as to optimize this objective. 1. 1. 1 The Four As’ and the marketing mix The Four As’ stands for: 1. Product 2. Price 3. Place 4. Promotion Product- is the market offering. The products KARA offers are exclusive scares, salsas zamia, branded cosmetics, Jewelry, suits, hand bags, shoes, kids wear and much more. All the products offered are of very high quality. Every product is carefully checked before putting into display. Price- in this context price refers to each KARA product costs. Prices of these reduces are set on the basis of product quality, brands as well as market competitiveness. Place- the location of KARA Fashion House is a great advantage of it. Goulash is one of the most prime and posh area of Bangladesh. So KARA stands in very close distance of the target market. Promotion- the promotion and campaigns would following parts. 1. 1. Employee be describe De elaborately in the KARA Fashion has a very strong line of efficient employees. They are highly dedicated towards works. For better Job involvement and Job satisfaction KARA pays them with a scale higher than the regular salary scale. Moreover, compensations, bonuses, health insurance, performance appraisals are also given in expectation of higher motivation. KARA has around 50 employees working in it. In maintains a great mix of both full time and part time workers whereas 20 are full timers and the rest are part timers. But regardless of everything else KARA ensures they are equally well behaved and helpful towards all the customers. So in a sense, these highly efficient bunches of employees are the greatest resources of KARA Fashion House. 1. 1. 3 Supplier This consists of other business firms or individuals who provide the marketing firm tit raw materials, product constituents, services or, in the case of retailing firms, possibly the finished goods themselves. The buyer/supplier relationship is one of mutual economic interdependence, both parties relying on the other for their commercial well-being. Although both parties are seeking stability and security from their relationship, factors in the supplier environment are subject to change. How to cite Zaara Fashion House – New Year Promotional Campaign, Essays

Sikhism (Religion and Theology)

Introduction Sikhism is a practical religion which does have merely words or any certain set of beliefs. This religion does not involve visiting shrines and tombs or following Yogis. This religion believesthat a life should be lived in some patterns.it’s main asset is its simplicity. It does not have any kind of supernaturalism or mythology where it keeps its feet up. It does not have any concepts of devils, angels or heavenly spirits (Sikhism, n.d., Para 1).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sikhism (Religion and Theology) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Sikhism is a universal religion and it objects all ritualism and formalism. It does not nourish any blind faith. It discourages blind follow to any external authority. Sikhism believes in Karma and it identifies the modification of one’s karma with the grace of God (Sikhism, n.d., Para 2-5). Historians in Eastern religions normally believe that Sikh ism is a syncretistic religion that can be related to Bhakti movement within Hinduism. They associate Sikhism with Hindu religion. But many Sikhs disagree on this point; they believe that Sikhism is direct revelation from God and does not originate from any religion like Hinduism or Islam (Robinson, 2006, Para 2). Marriage and Family: Marriage is sacred and it’s a bond not only between the man and woman but also in the whole families. Normally Sikhs have arranges marriages where the partners are chosen by the parents for their children which is based on mutual interests and similarities in culture. Divorce is against the lessons of the guru (Sikh family life, 2007, Para 7). During the wedding ceremony, the couple sits before the Guru ranth sahib where the Granthi reads certain wedding hyms from the holy book. The couple takes round of the it slowly and friends and family shower their blessings by throwing flowers on them. The bride wears red wedding costume that represents he alth and wealth and after ceremony prashad, sweets are distributed (Sikh family life, 2007, Para 8 9). Childhood and the naming ceremony: Just after the birth of the baby, parents go to the gurudwara with the baby where Guru Granth Sahib is opened and a random reading is done. The first letter of reading becomes the first letter of the baby’s name (Sikh family life, 2007, Para 1-3). A Sikh child starts learning the language of Guru Granth Sahib when he is just seven years old. The Children are supported by the family. There is no discrimination between sexes.The girls are expected to achieve same as boys (Sikh family life, 2007, Para 1-3). Getting old and death: Older people of this community get lots of respect. When athere is a death in a Sikh family, they are cremated wearing the five Ks. They believe in incarnation and union with God (Sikh family life, 2007, Para 10).Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first pa per with 15% OFF Learn More Foundation of Sikhism: Sikhism is the youngest religion which is just five hundred years old (Introduction to Sikhism, 2009, Para 1). Shri Guru Nanak Dev ji was the person who satrted this religion. He got the vision to preach the way to God (Robinson, 2006, Para 3). At this time India was being segrated on the basis of castes, religious factions and sectarianism. He respected all religions (Introduction to Sikhism, 2009, Para 1). He preached, â€Å"There is no Hindu and Muslim† which became one of the pillars of Sikhism (Robinson, 2006, Para 3). Guru Nank and his followers who were called Panth built a temple at Kartarpur (Robinson, 2006, Para 3). He showed a real path to God by saing that God is Truth, â€Å"Sat Nam† (Introduction to Sikhism, 2009, Para 1). A succession of nine Gurus who were considered as reincarnations of Guru Nanak guided the movement during the period from Guru Nanak’s dealth until 1708. During that co urse, the activities of the Guru were passed on to the Panth and to the holy text (Robinson, 2006, Para 4). Philosophy and Teachings: The word Sikh means a diciple. A true Sikh is not attached to wordly things but he must do his duty towards his family and community. They believe in Bhagti which is possible after fullfing following conditions (Sikhism, Main Principles, n.d., Para 1): Faith in God Following Truth Conrol over world and deed Unattachment and desirelessness Association with holy men which is Satsang Humanity and submission to Hukam Salvation: it is also called Mukti. According to Guru, â€Å"The man of God rejects salvation. He just wants love. The happiness lies only in merging in Divine Spirit. A man can have Mukti only when he medidates on God (Sikhism, Main Principles, n.d., Para 3). Khalsa: The Khalsa is about worshiping one God and meditating daily on his name. A Sikh has to keep the symbols (Panj Kakar) whole life. He should not believe in one caste instead he should believe in brotherhood. He should not be involved in any of the four offenses (Kurahat) as cutting of hair, eating Halal meat, adultery and the use of any intoxicant. He should not commit any of the social offences (Tankhah) like, giving dowry, using liqours, raising monuments over graves and associating with traitors (Sikhism, Duties of the Khalsa, n.d., Para 3). He must donate one-tenth (daswand) of his income for religious purposes. He must practice arms and should be ready o protect the weak (Sikhism, Duties of the Khalsa, n.d., Para 3).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Sikhism (Religion and Theology) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Renunciation of the world: Sikhism does not favour that one leaves his family and live away from it. The Gurus conveyed that married life is the best mode of life. Escaping from the realities of life is a saintly act (Sikhism, Main Principles, n.d., Para 12). The 5Kâ€⠄¢s of Sikh: Sikh’s who have done Amrit Cermony or public commitment to the faith, are called Khalsa. They have accepted 5 symbols. These symbols are called 5 K’s. They not only prove the Sikh identity, but also have spiritual meanings (The 5 K’s, n.d., Para 1). They are powerful symbols of faith. Most Sikhs follow the traditions of Khalsa (The 5 K’s, n.d., Para 1). Guru Gobind Singh, the tenth Guru, gathered together the first members of Khalsa on Baisakhi in 1699 and gave them the five items of dress, which had uniformity (The 5 K’s, n.d., Para 2). These items of dress or appearance are (The 5 K’s, n.d., Para 2):- Kesh– uncut hair beard, as given by God, to sustain him/her in higher consciousness and a turban, the crown of spirituality. Kangha – a wooden comb to properly groom the hair as a symbol of cleanliness (The 5 K’s, n.d., Para 2). Kachera –specially made cotton underwear as a reminder of the commitment to purity (The 5 K’s, n.d., Para 2).Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Kara – a steel Band, worn on the wrist, signifying bondage to Truth freedom from every other entanglement (The 5 K’s, n.d., Para 2). Kirpan – the sword, with which the Khalsa is committed to righteously defend the fine line of the Truth (The 5 K’s, n.d., Para 2). Meaning of these 5 K’s: Kara It is a bangle, which is generally made of iron or steel and it is worn on the right wrist. The steel represents strength and the circular shape represents unity and eternity (The 5 K’s, n.d., Para 4). It shows Sikhs’ belief that God is eternal (The 5 K’s, n.d., Para 4). Kangha A Kangha is a wooden item to keep the hair clean and tidy. Guru Gobind Singh stressed on cleanliness while performing Khalsa (The 5 K’s, n.d., Para 5). After washing and then combing their hair, Sikhs tie a topknot and then they keep Kangha in the topknot which is covered with a turban (The 5 K’s, n.d., Para 5). Kangha represents discipline in all face ts of life (The 5 K’s, n.d., Para 5). Kachera Guru Gobind Singh told Sikhs to wear short trousers which was to depict Khalsa uniform (The 5 K’s, n.d., Para 6).There are many explanations to the use of this Kachera. One of them is that it made Sikhs move easier to move in battle. Many Sikhs believe that it represents modesty (The 5 K’s, n.d., Para 6). Kirpan It is a sword that is worn by the Khalsa (The 5 K’s, n.d., Para 7). The Kripan is worn as a memento of the bravery of the first five Sikhs, who were keen to sacrifice their lives for the sake of their religion. The Kripan is therefore a symbol of bravery and of faith in God. For many, the most important meaning is that the kripan stands for the commitment to fight ‘one’s own internal enemy’ that is weakness in one’s own character behaviour (The 5 K’s, n.d., Para 7). Kesh By tradition, Sikhs both men or women do not cut their hair and male Sikhs should not cut their be ards The 5 K’s, n.d., Para 8).This natural condition shows devotion in god. Guru Gobind Singh encouraged that Sikhs grow their hair, which is to follow ‘as God intended’ (The 5 K’s, n.d., Para 8). Scriptures: There are two main sources for the Sikhs: The Guru Grinth Sahib and the Dasam Granth (Sikhism, n.d., Para 9). The Adi Granth means ‘The First Volume’. It is referred to the version the sripture which was created by Arjan Dev in 1604. The Guru Granth Sahib is the final version of the scripture which was developed by Guru Gobind Singh (Sikhism, n.d., Para 9). Adi Granth: The compilation of Adi Granth was done by Bhai Gurus under the guidance of Arjan Dev in 1963 and 1964. Its script is Gurmukhi, which was standardised by Arjan Dev for using it in Sikh scriptures.It was created to protect the hymns and teachings of the Sikh gurus (Sikhism, n.d., Para 10-11). The original version of Adi Granth is expected to bemantained by the Sodhi family o f Kartarpur. Actually, the history says that original version of this scripture was burned by Ahmad Shah Durrani’s army in 1757 when they burned Kartarpur (Sikhism, n.d., Para 10-11). Guru Granth Sahib: It has the original version of Adi Granth with some addition of Teg Bahadur’s hymns. Guru Gobind Singh’s verdict was that Guru Granth Sahib will be the eternal guru for all the Sikhs (Sikhism, n.d., Para 12). It consists of the composition of the first five gurus, Teg Bahadur and just one ‘Salok’ from Guru Gobind Singh (Sikhism, n.d., Para 13). Dasam Granth: The Dasam Granth is also called The Book of the Tenth Master. It is an eithteenth-century collection of poems, which are written by Gobind Singh (Overview of Sikh Scriptures, n.d., Para 9). It was given a shape of book by Bhai Mani Singh (Overview of Sikh Scriptures, n.d., Para 9). Janamsakhis: They are the biographies of the first Sikh guru, Guru Nanak. It is the proof of amazing acts and mystic conversations. The composition of new Janamsakhis was the result of three great schisms of the Sikh religion: the Minas, the Handalis and the Udasis (Overview of Sikh Scriptures, n.d., Para 11, 12 14). The Ten Gurus and their teachings: The word â€Å"GURU† in Sanskrit means person having great knowledge, wisdom and authority, a teacher, a soul who can dispel darkness. In Sikhism, Guru, means the divine guidance provided through their ten Enlightened Masters (Ten Guru, n.d., Para 2). Starting with Guru Nanak in1469 ending with Guru Gobind Singh in 1708, their wisdom, preaching’s have been compiled in the Holy Scripture â€Å"The Guru Granth Sahib† (Ten Guru, n.d., Para 2). First Guru – Guru Nanak Sahib Guru Nanak was born to Tripta, a simple religious woman and wife of Mehta Kalyan Das, on April15, 1469 in Shekhpura (Pakistan), now Nanakana Sahib (Ten Guru, n.d., Para 1). From the earlier child hood Nanak was an extraordinary child. He learnt Hindi Sa nskrit at the age of seven and by thirteen learned Persian too. He got married to Mata Sulakhni, who gave him two sons: Sri Chand and Lakhmi Das. (Ten Guru, n.d., Para2) In August 1507, while bathing in ‘Vain Nadi’, at the age of 38, Guru Nanak dedicated himself to the service of humanity.† There is no Hindu, no Musalman† were his first divine words (Ten Guru, n.d., Para3). He started long travels and preached his unique and divine doctrine that is Sikhism (Ten Guru, n.d., Para3). The preaching’s during these tours are compiled as Char Udasis of Guru Nanak Sahib (Ten Guru, n.d., Para3). In the year 1522 Guru Nanak Sahib founded the city of Kartarpur (now in Pakistan) and spent the rest of his life there (Ten Guru, n.d., Para5). There he pioneered the Langar or free kitchen. In 1539 he established Bhai Lehna ji (Guru Angad Sahib) as the second Nanak. On Sept 22, 1539 he left for the heavenly aboad. He was a good poet and musician. He wrote approximatel y 947 hyms comprising Japji Sahib, Asa-di-Var, Bara-Mah, Sidh-Gosht and, Onkar. Guru Arjan Sahib compiled all these in Guru Granth Sahib (Ten Guru, n.d., Para5). Second Guru – Guru Angad Sahib Guru Angad Sahib (Bhai Lahna ji) was born on March 31, 1504 to Mata Ramo ji wife of a petty trader Pheru ji in a village named Sarai Naga (Matte di Sarai) in district Muktsar (Punjab). (Ten Guru, n.d., Para1) Bhai Lahna was a worshipper of Goddess Durga and use to go to pilgrimage to Jwalamuki Temple. During one such pilgrimage he heard the hymn of Guru Nanak Sahib and decided to meet him. He got fully changed after this meeting. He became a follower of Guru Nanak Sahib and became his Sikh (Ten Guru, n.d., Para 2 3). Guru Angad Sahib introduced Gurumukhi Script, a new alphabet modified from old Punjabi Script (Ten Guru, n.d., Para 5). He started Mall Akhara were physical as well as spiritual was given to the youth. He also wrote the first biography of Guru Nanak Sahib (Bhai Bale Wali J anamsakhi) (Ten Guru, n.d., Para 5). At the age of Forty eight on March 29, 1552 Guru Angad Sahib breathed his last but before that he nominated Amar Das Sahib as his successor. (Ten Guru, n.d., Para7) Third Guru – Guru Amardas Sahib Guru Amardas Sahib was born on May 5, 1479 in the village Basarke Gillan in Amritsar, to mother Bakht Kaur and father Tej Bhan Bhalla, who later became the Third Nanak (Ten Guru, n.d., Para1). Influenced by Guru Angad Sahib and preachings of Guru Nanak Sahib he converted to Sikhism and adopted Guru Angad Sahib as his spiritual Guru. In 1552 he was made the Third Nanak by Guru Angad Sahib (Ten Guru, n.d., Para 2). Establishing his headquarter in Goindwal, he propagated the faith in a planned manner (Ten Guru, n.d., Para 2).He added 869 self composed verses to Guru Granth Sahib (Ten Guru, n.d., Para6). He transferred the Guru ship to his son-in-law, Guru Ramdas Sahib, making him the Fourth Nanak. On September 1, 1574 at a ripe age of 95 Guru Amarda s Sahib passed away for heaven (Ten Guru, n.d., Para 7) Fourth Guru – Guru Ramdas Sahib Guru Ramdas Sahib was born on September 24, 1534 at Chuna Mandi, Lahore (Pakistan).His father Baba Hari Das ji Sodhi Khatri and mother Mata Daya Kaur were too poor and he use to sell boiled grams to earn his bread (Ten Guru, n.d., Para1). Guru Amardas Sahib married his daughter Bibi Bhani ji to Guru Ramdas Sahib. Due to his dedication, energy, saintliness and eloquence Guru Amardas Sahib found him apt for the Guruship and made him the Fourth Nanak on September 1, 1574. Foundation of Ramdas Pur or Chak Ramdas (now Amritsar) was laid by Guru Ramdas (Ten Guru, n.d., Para 3).On September 1, 1581 he passed away to heaven but before that he nominated his youngest son Guru Arjan Sahib as the fifth Guru (Ten Guru, n.d., Para 2). Fifth Guru – Guru Arjan Sahib Guru Ramdas Sahib and Mata Bhani ji’s youngest son Guru Arjan Sahib was born on April 15, 1563. He learnt Gurmukhi script and w as also taught Persian, Hindi and Sanskrit languages. He became Guru at the young age of 18 years. (Para1) Guru Arjan Sahib commissioned two sacred Tanks Amritsar and Santokhsar. He also laid the foundation of a town (Taran Sahib) near Goindwal Sahib and created a large tank and Gurdwara (Ten Guru, n.d., Para 2 3). He contributed 2000 verses for the same. He also institutionalized the tradition of Daswandh and Masand system that helped in attracting large number of followers to Sikhism from far distant places from Punjab (Ten Guru, n.d., Para 4 5). Guru Arjan Sahib was also called as â€Å"Sacha Patshah†. The fast paced spread of Sikhism during his period made the orthodox Hindus and princely Muslims very jealous. He was tortured for 3 days, he was made to sit on the hot iron plates and burning sand was poured on his naked body (Ten Guru, n.d., Para6).Later he was thrown into river Ravi. May 30, 1606 is celebrated as the day of Martyrdom of Guru Arjan Sahib (Ten Guru, n.d., Para6). Sixth Guru – Guru Hargobind Sahib With the sudden demise of Guru Arjan Sahib, his father and fifth Nanak, Guru Hargobind Sahib succeeded and became Sixth Nanak at the age of eleven years in 1606. He was the only child of Guru Arjan Sahib and Mata Ganga ji, born on June19, 1595 at village Guru Ke Wadali. He had one daughter Bibi Viro ji, he had five sons. His fifth son Tegh Bahadur became the Ninth Nanak in 1664 (Ten Guru, n.d., Para1). Guru Hargobind Sahib popularised the idea of â€Å"Saint – Soldier† which was the need of that hour. He used to keep with him two swords Piri – Miri. The first one was supposed to have the Spiritual Power and the second one was supposed to have Military Power. He also encouraged Sikhs for participating in Martial Arts and military Trainings (Ten Guru, n.d., Para 3). During his life time he fought many wars with the Mughal Emperor and always stood victorious (Ten Guru, n.d., Para 3). He breathed last on February 28, 1644. Before his demise, he nominated his grandson Har Rai Sahib as the Seventh Nanak (Ten Guru, n.d., Para 23). Seventh Guru – Guru Har Rai Sahib At the tender age of 14 Guru Har Rai Sahib was nominated as successor and Seventh Nanak by his Grand Father Guru Hargobind Sahib. He was son of Baba Gurdita Ji and Mata Nihal Kaur (Ten Guru, n.d., Para 1). Guru Har Rai Sahib was a believer of non –violence or â€Å"Ahimsa Parmo Dharma† but he never disbanded the Saint Soldiers. In Kiratpur Sahib, he founded an Aurvedic Herbal Hospital Research Centre. Ha also established 360 Manjis (missionary seats) (Ten Guru, n.d., Para 2 3). Guru Har Rai Sahib left for heavenly abode on October 6, 1661, but before that installed his younger son Har Krishan as the Eighth Nanak (Ten Guru, n.d., Para 10). Eighth Guru – Guru Har Krishan Sahib He was born on July 7, 1656 at Kiratpur Sahib, and was the second son of Guru Har Rai Sahib and Mata Krishan Kaur (Ten Guru, n.d., Para 1). Before the death of Guru Har Rai Sahib in 1661, at an earlier age of about five, Guru Har Krishan Sahib was made Eighth Nanak by his father (Ten Guru, n.d., Para1). In his short span of three years as Eight Nanak, Guru Har Krishan Sahib took over the masses with his simplicity and humanitarian deeds. He was nicknamed Bala Pir (Child Prophet) by the local Muslim population (Ten Guru, n.d., Para5). During his last days when he was seriously ill, he was asked to name his successor, t which he said Baba Bakala, which referred to Guru Teg Bahadur. Finally, Guru Har Krishan Sahib passed away on March 30, 1664 (Ten Guru, n.d., Para6). Ninth Guru – Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib was born on April 1, 1621. He was the youngest son of Guru Hargobind Sahib (Seventh Nanak) He was a great swordsman, horseman and shooter (Ten Guru, n.d., Para1 3). With the untimely demise of Eight Nanak, Guru Har Krishan Sahib without declaring his successor there was a situation of un certainty for some time. Then in August 1664, some prominent Sikhs from Delhi, acknowledged Guru Teg Bahadur Sahib as the Ninth Nanak (Ten Guru, n.d., Para 5). During 1674-75 the Muslim state forcefully converted people to Islam. To fight this nefarious act with peaceful means Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib sacrificed himself. On November 11, 1675 he was executed, his head was severed from his body at Gurudwara Sis Ganj in Chandi Chowk, Delhi. Before his execution in July 1675 he installed, his son Guru Gobind Sahib as the Tenth Nanak (Ten Guru, n.d., Para 27). Tenth Guru – Guru Gobind Singh Sahib Guru Gobind Singh Sahib, the tenth and the last Guru of Sikh faith, was born on December 22, 1666 (Ten Guru, n.d., Para1 2).His name was Gobind Rai Sodhi. After the execution of his father and ninth Nanak, Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib, Guru Gobind Singh was formally made Guru on November 11, 1675 (Ten Guru, n.d., Para1 2). Guru Gobind Singh fought many wars during his period. On October 7, 17 08, he passed away in Nanded. With this Guru Gobind Singh ended the line of personal Gurus and passed on th succession to the Holy Book â€Å"The Guru Granth Sahib† (Ten Guru, n.d., Para 13). Sikhism in History: The time period of all the ten gurus lasted for more than 239 long years. The Sikh religion prospered very well during this period, which could be possible under the guidance of the Gurus (Sikh History, Gurus Period, n.d., Para 1). Banda Singh Bahadur whose real name was Madho Das possessed spriritul powers. He was the follwoer of Guru Gobind Singh. Under Guriji’s direction, he collected an army from Punjab and started fighting against tyrants. After winnig Surhind he established the first Sikh kingdom and a new fort near Nahan which was called Lohgarh. Later Bandha Singh was prisoned by the emperor of Delhi and he was killed in 1716 (Sikh History, Gurus Period, n.d., Para 1-4). After martyr of Banda Singh, the religious persecution of the Sikhs started soon af ter that (Sikh History, Religious Persecution Era, n.d., Para 1-3).They were attacked and robbed. They stayed alive on vegetables and fruits but they were not discouraged. Having faith in Guru Gobind Singh Ji’s prediction that the Sikh would rule the country one day, they continued their mission of religious persecution which went for 50 years. Then Sikhs regrouped got ready to fight tyrants and after gathering strength they were ready to defeat the tyrants and then they started ruling around 1760s (Sikh History, Religious Persecution Era, n.d., Para 1-3). Maharaja Ranjit Singh became their leader and conquered Lahore in 1799. He ruled Punjab for 40 years. His Kingdom was so big that he had to divide it in 4 different states. He died at the age of 59 in 1839 (Sikh History, Sikh Kingdom Era, n.d., Para 1 2). The British bought then the generals of the army and attacked the Sikh kingdom (Sikh History, Colonial Era, n.d., Para 1 2). In 1849 they finished the Sikh kingdom era a nd controlled Punjab with other parts of India. As the British knew that the Sikhs are brave warriors, they appointed them with jobs in their army (Sikh History, Colonial Era, n.d., Para 1 2). The Sikhs proved themselves very useful for the British in many wars wherever they fought for them (Sikh History, Colonial Era, n.d., Para 1 2).The British awarded the Sikhs with portions of lands after their retirement from the army. This action of British encouraged lots of sikhs to join the British army. The Sikhs had covered about 80 percent of the army population by the time the British left India after Indian independence (Sikh History, Colonial Era, n.d., Para 1 2). The Indians’ struggle for freedom began in 1920s and it lasted in 1947. The Sikhs played a major role during that struggle by participating in this mission enthusiastically (Sikh History, Colonial Era, n.d., Para 5). The Gurudwara movement of the sikhs was the starting of the national struggle for freedom (Duggal, 2008, Para 4). The Battle of Saragarhi was fought between the fourth Battalion of the Sikh Regiment of British India and approximately 10,000 Afghan and Orakzais tribesman on 12 September 1897 (Battle of Saragarhi, Sikh Regiment, 2009, Para 1).This battle has been noted as the exampe of exceptional bravery. UNESCO has portrayed the battle of Saragarhi as one of the legends of joint bravery (Battle of Saragarhi, Sikh Regiment, 2009, Para 1). The British rulers of india had built many forts in the North West Frontier Province to strengthen their position and to control the hostile activities of the local tribal groups who were living in the north western frontiers of undivided India (Battle of Saragarhi, Sikh Regiment, 2009, Para 2 3). Fort Gulistan and Fort Lockhart are the examples of such forts (Battle of Saragarhi, Sikh Regiment, 2009, Para 2 3). They were built on the ranges of Hindukush and Sulaiman ranges (Battle of Saragarhi, Sikh Regiment, 2009, Para 2 3). As the two fort s were situated a little bit far from each other, a signal post called Saragarhi was created to have interations between the two forts. In 1897 Afridi tribes attacked Fort Gulistan and later the troops of Orakazai and Afridi made fresh attacks and seiged Fort Lockhart and Saragarhi (Battle of Saragarhi, Sikh Regiment, 2009, Para 2 3). The strength of Afghani force was about 12000 to 14000 who were fully armed tribesman. They tried to make the Sikhs surrender but the Sikhs were determined to fight against them and they continued fighting. For this reason it became the famous battle of Saragarhi. Sepoy Gurumkh Singh was the person who continued giving every detail of the battle through heliographic signal until the enemy set the place near Saragarhi on fire. When the enemay were close Sepoy Gurumukh Singh took out his rifle after closing heliograph and he killed 20 people of them before dying (Battle of Saragarhi, Sikh Regiment, 2009, Para 2 3). Every soldier who defended Saragarh i died in this outstanding action of bravery. When this courgeous deed was narrated in the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the memebers gave standing applause to it. Even Queen Victoria also came to know about this incident. It was annouced in the Parliament that the army having the brave Sikhs cannot loose any war (Battle of Saragarhi, Sikh Regiment, 2009, Para 2 3). All the Sikh officers and soldiers who died in this battle were honoured as the Indian Order of Merit, which was the highest bravery award of that time (Battle of Saragarhi, Sikh Regiment, 2009, Para 4 5). The current Sikh Regiment now celebrates the day of the Battle of Saragarhi on every 12th September as the Regimental Battle Honours Day (Battle of Saragarhi, Sikh Regiment, 2009, Para 4 5). The British also built tow Saragarhi Gurudwaras one in Amritsar and another in Ferozepur to respect those soldiers (Battle of Saragarhi, Sikh Regiment, 2009, Para 4 5). Observances: Sikh Culture: Sikh culture is the mixture of many asects, including many festivals and ceremonies. There are songs which are many religious as they are sung in praise of God. For that reason they are different from other songs (Sikh Culture, n.d., Para 1). Sikh festivals are time for these people to rededicate themselves to the faith (Sikh Festivals, n.d. Para 1). Even they take death anniversaries of their Gurus as festival since it reminds them the value of sacrifice for a good cause(Sikh Festivals, n.d. Para 1). Some of the main Sikh festivals are (Sikh Festivals, n.d. Para 1): Baisakhi: it is a New Year festival in the Sikh calendar. The Sikh new years starts with Chet 1 (Sikh Calendar, 1998, Para 2). On this day in 1699 Khalsa was created by Guru Gobind Singh Ji. It generally falls on 13 April. Nishan Sahib, the Sikh flag is replaced with a new one (Sikh Festivals, n.d. Para 3 4). The flag post is cleaned. The flag cloth which is Chola is rehoisted. This ceremony is completed by Ardas. A Bhog, which is completion of ceremony, takes place on the morning of Baisakhi and the singing of divine hyms takes place. Also all the Sikh men, women and children participate in Sewa that is Langar which remains open for the worshipers for three days (Sikh Festivals, n.d. Para 3 4). Diwali: Sikhs celebrate Diwali since Guru Hargobind reached Amritsar on this particular day after he got released from Gwalior jail (Sikh Festivals, n.d. Para 5). It is the festival of lights. On this day the Golden Temple complex is decorated with lights and magnificient displays of fireworks occur. The historic weapons of the Gurus are displayed (Sikh Festivals, n.d. Para 5). In 1577 the Golden Temple’s foundation was kept on Diwali itself (Sikh Festivals, n.d. Para 6).Sikhs have continuedthis yearly celebration with lighting up lamps and distributing sweets. The largest gathering takes place at the Golden Temple on this day (Sikh Festivals, n.d. Para 6). Hola Mohalla: This is an annual festival which takes place at Anand pur Sahib (Sikh Festivals, n.d. Para 7). Guru Gobind Singh started this festival to exercise millitary practices. Mock battles are also fought on this day which is just after Holi festival. Music and poetry competitions follow mock battles (Sikh Festivals, n.d. Para 7). On this day kirtan and religious lectures are performed in number of durbars where Sri Guru Granth Sahib is present (Sikh Festivals, n.d. Para 7).This festival generally falls on March 17 (Sikh Festivals, n.d. Para 7). Ceremonies: There are many events like birth, marriage and death in any family but in a Sikh family there are special ceremonies for such events, which are done to receive blessings from God (Sikh Ceremonies, n.d., Para 1). All Sikh ceremonies are done in the presence of the Guru Granth Sahib Ji that involves singing of hymns, Ardas, Hukamnana and distribution of Karah Prashad. Langar is provided for all the guests (Sikh Ceremonies, n.d., Para 1). Following are some of the main Sikh ceremonies: Nam Kar an: After the birth of child the mother and the child go to the Gurudwara with relatives and friends for the naming ceremony (Sikh Ceremonies, n.d., Para 2 3). The Granthi stirs water and sugar crystals in a bowl that is kept in front of Guru Granth Sahib and read the ‘Mool Mantra’ and first few lines of the ‘Japji Sahib’ (Sikh Ceremonies, n.d., Para 2 3). First few drops are put into child’s mouth and the rest is given to the mother to drink (Sikh Ceremonies, n.d., Para 2 3).Hymns are spoken publicly to bless the child. The child name is chosen from the first letter of the ‘Hukam’ (Sikh Ceremonies, n.d., Para 2 3).The title of Singh (Lion) is given to male and Kaur (Princess) to the girl (Sikh Ceremonies, n.d., Para 2 3). Prashad is distributded afer that (Sikh Ceremonies, n.d., Para 2 3). Dasar Bandi: This is a very important and exciting moment in the life of a Sikh hen he starts tying the turban. Sometimes family celebrates th is occasion which is called Dastar Bandi (Sikh Ceremonies, n.d., Para 4). Marriage Ceremony: The wedding takes place in the morning in a Gurudwara.After the both family of the boy and family of the girl greet each other then they enter the Gurudwara congregation hall where bride sits alonside with the bridegroom facing the Guru Granth Sahib Ji. The ragees sing the hymn of ‘palla’ that is bridegroom’s scarf. Then the couple walk gracefully around the Guru Granth Sahib where the bride folow the bridegroom. Later prashad is distributed and lunch is provided by the bride’s family (Sikh Ceremony, n.d., Para 5). Amrit Sanchar: This ceremony is done for the initiation into the Khalsa brotherhood (Sikh Ceremony, n.d., Para 6). The initiate can be done by a man or a woman of any caste or religion (Sikh Ceremony, n.d., Para 6). Before seeking baptism, they start behaving, acting or looking like a Sikh (Sikh Ceremony, n.d., Para 6). It is done at a quiter place where Guru Granth Sahib is installed. The initiate will wash his hair, cover his head, wear clean clothes and the 5K’s (Sikh Ceremony, n.d., Para 6). Hymns are recited. If a person does not have a Sikh name, they keep a new name at this time (Sikh Ceremony, n.d., Para 6). Funeral Ceremony: At the ime of death loud wailing is discouraged (Sikh Ceremony, n.d., Para 6). Cremation is preferred for the dead body but if it is not possible then burial or submergence at sea are also acceptable (Sikh Ceremony, n.d., Para 6). The body is usually washed and clothed by the family members and then hymns are recited. A continuous reading of Sri Guru Granth Sahib is done till ten days. It concludes the end of mourning period (Sikh Ceremony, n.d., Para 6). Gurupurbs: Following are the major Gurupurbs celebrations (Sikh Ceremony, n.d., Para 8): Birth of Guru Nanak Dev Ji First installation of Sri Guru Grath Sahib Ji Martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Ji Birth of Guru Gobind Singh Ji Martyrdom of Guru Te g Bahadur Ji Martyrdom of the Sahibzadas Sikh Art and Culture: Maharaja Ranjit was an ardent lover of art. For that reason he bacem the first patron of Sikh paintings. He made the painters decorate the walls and the panels of the Golden Temple (Sikh Paintings, n.d., Para 1, 2 9). Sikh paintings show the historical events and characters. They give us complete understand ing of the political struggle of Sikhs and the roles of some unforgettble heros of that struggle. There are three different schools of Sikh paintings: Guler School, Kangra School and Lahore School (Sikh Paintings, n.d., Para 1, 2 9). Some famous paiters are Gian Singh, S.G. Thakur Singh, Sobha Singh and S. Kripal Singh (Sikh Paintings, n.d., Para 1, 2 9). Sikh Music and Musical Instruments: Sikhs developed their own instruments like Rabab, Dilruba, Taus, Jori and the Sarinda (Sikh Music and Musical Instruments. n.d., Para 1). The Sarangi was also promoted by Guru Har Gobind (Sikh Music and Musical Instruments. n.d., Para 1).Rabab was first used by Bhai Mardana and Jori and Sarinda were designed by Guru arjan Dev (Sikh Music and Musical Instruments. n.d., Para 1). The Taus was made by Guru Har Gobind. The Dilruba was made by Guru Gobind Singh (Sikh Music and Musical Instruments. n.d., Para 1). Sikhs in the Western World: Sikhs arrived in the United States and Canada in the late 1800s (Sikh Community, 2006, Para 1). Sikhs who have migrated to this region are generally tensed of maintaining their identity when adapting to the Western culture. Those educated in the United Kingdom or Other British Commonwealth countries, this change to life in North America is easy (Being Sikh in a Western world, 2006, Para 1). In recent years, the conflict between the values of Sikh beliefs and Western culture has created difference at the work place. The employers are demanding that they cut tehir hair and remove their turbans. Sikhs performing in sports have shown their capabilities of doing well with their turb ans on the fields (Being Sikh in a Western world, 2006, Para 2). Regardless of these stresses, Sikhs have maintained their religious beliefs. They have demonstrated excellence in the football, basketball and boxing etc (Being Sikh in a Western world, 2006, Para 3). Notable Sikhs in the modern era: Sikhs are very well represented in Indian Politics like recent Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, the Chairman of the Indian Planning Commission Montek Singh Ahluwalia and the former President, Giani Zail Singh (Sikh, 2009, Para 5 6). Indian millitary services include Sikhs like General Joginder Jaswant Singh, who is the General of the Indian Arrmy. The highest ranking general in the history of the Indian Air Force has been Marshal of the Air Force Arjan Singh (Sikh, 2009, Para 5 6). Sikhs can be seen in various kinds of professions like scientists, engineers and doctors. Some of these are Professor Piara Singh Gill, a famous Nuclear Scientist who has ben associated with American Manhattan Project; Dr. Narinder Singh Kapany who is a famous Scientist and gets the credit of the father of fiber optics; Simon Singh, physicist and Science writer and Professor Baldev Singh Dhillon, a famous Agricultural Scientist (Sikh, 2009, Para 6). Sikhs can be found in industrial ventures as UK based New Look, which is women’s clothing fashions and Thai based JASPAL. Both are started by Sikhs only. India’s biggest pharmaceutical company Ranbaxy Laboratories is leaded by the Sikhs only (Sikh, 2009, Para 7). Writer Khushwant Singh, Singer Daler Mahendi, Jaspal Bhatti, Milkha Singh former world record holder, Bishen singh Bedi, cricketer and Parminder Nagra, English actress all are distingushed sikhs (Sikh, 2009, Para 8). Conclusion: Sikhism is a beautiful religion. It offers meaning, peace and divine bliss. It shows the path to realisation of Akaal, a timeless god (Why I choose Sikhism, n.d., Para 1). Due to unawareness many youth are being unused to this rich and amazing he ritage (Why I choose Sikhism, n.d., Para 1). Why join Sikhism: As it is a beauiful religion, which shows the path to truth and believes in one God, I have become passionate about this religion. It has selfless love in it. It has bravery and treats everyone similarly. It has its unique scriptural canon, ceremonies and traditions (Sikhs: A distinct religion, panth and nation that welcome all, n.d., Para 1). For that reason I join Sikhism. Reference List â€Å"Battle of Saragarhi. Sikh Regiment†. 2009. http://www.indianetzone.com/6/battle_saragarhi.htm . â€Å"Being Sikh in a Western World†. 2006. http://www.wingluke.org/pages/sikhcommunitywebsite/beingasikhinawesternworld.html . Duggal, K S. 2008. â€Å"Sikhs in the Freedom struggle†. Vol XLVI No 35. http://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article891.html . â€Å"Overview of Sikh Scripture†. http://www.important.ca/sikhism_scriptures.html . Robinson, B A. â€Å"Introduction to Sikhism†. 2009. http://fateh.si khnet.com/s/SikhIntro http://www.religioustolerance.org/sikhism.htm . â€Å"Sikh†. http://tripatlas.com/Sikh . â€Å"Sikhism†. http://www.religionresourcesonline.org/study_different_religions/sikhism/sikhism.php . â€Å"Sikhs a Distinct Religion, Panth and Nation that Welcome All†. http://www.sikhlionz.com/sikhreligion.htm . â€Å"Sikh Calendar†. 1998. http://www.sikhs.org/dates.htm . â€Å"Sikh Family Life†. http://atschool.eduweb.co.uk/carolrb/sikhism/family.html . â€Å"Sikh History†. http://www.infoaboutsikhs.com/background.htm . â€Å"Sikh Paintings†. http://www.ethnicpaintings.com/indian_painting_styles/sikh-paintings.html . â€Å"Ten Gurus†. http://sgpc.net/gurus/gurugobind.asp . â€Å"The 5 Ks†. http://www.amritsar.com/The%20Five%20K.shtml . â€Å"Why I choose Sikhism†. http://www.whyichosesikhism.com/ . This essay on Sikhism (Religion and Theology) was written and submitted by user Raphael T. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Extranet and B2B E

Extranet and B2B E Executive Summary Top Breadz, a Sydney-based industrial bread and pastry manufacturer assigned our team to investigate how Business–to–Business (B2B) e-commerce solutions might benefit the company to reach its goals, namely, to increase sales by the retail outlets, to increase revenues by entering new markets or increasing market share, and to reduce operating costs.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Extranet and B2B E-Commerce for Business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In regards to these objectives, our proposed B2B e-commerce solution is the design and implementation of a B2B extranet portal for Top Breadz. The extranet solution includes a secure, easy-to-use order management portal to enable partners, suppliers and buyers manage their dealings with the company more efficiently and less costly and collaborative tools to share customer information with partners. Undertaking the project will benefit Top Breadz by improving its bottom-line efficiency via cutting costs and time of the expenditure and revenue cycles. This not only reduces operating expenditures but also gives the company an edge over its competitors. Having a unified system for all partners also facilitates new market development or market penetration. The risks to be considered by the Top Breadz team studying the solution are the following: Retail partners might not possess the proper or compatible Information Technology (IT) background to gain advantage of Top Breadz’s new system. Taking into account the lack of any legacy systems, and consequently, lack of experience in IT at Top Breadz, implementing a B2B e-commerce platform requires a fundamental shift within the business processes, which might prove to be troublesome and result in early faults. For the same reason, defining the exact scope of the project is unsure since the requirements are not clear in terms of scalability and future development. In itial capital outlay is substantial, especially compared to the cost savings only to be realized on the long-term. The proposed system is perfectly capable of delivering the features that will help Top Breadz reach its goals. We therefore, recommend introducing the new B2B extranet system. Introduction Business to Business (B2B) e-commerce is becoming an increasingly important method of conducting buying and selling processes. One of the prominent lessons that have emerged from company experiences is the recognition of the significant role that extranets play in B2B e-commerce operations. Among other things, this paper provides a discussion on how the use of a B2B e-commerce extranet, which has been proposed for Top Breadz, can improve the company’s performance.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Description and Explanation of the IT Innovation The informatio n technology services required for e-commerce are Internet, intranets, and extranets. An extranet may be defined as a secure network that uses Internet and Web technologies to connect two or more intranets of business partners, thus enabling business to business communications to take place effectively (Kallioranta Vlosky 2004). It allows trusted business partners to have secure access to information assets on another firm’s intranet. For example, Top Breadz may connect its computers with its various suppliers and retailers to ensure successful deliveries. An extranet can be viewed as being part of a series of levels that include the Internet and intranet levels as well (Karra 2006, p. 5). Table 1 provides a comparison of the Internet, intranet and extranet while figure 1 illustrates a typical extranet configuration. Table 1: Comparison of the Internet, Intranet, and Extranet Internet Intranet Extranet Access Public Private Private Information Fragmented Proprietary Shared by close business partners Users Everybody Members of an organization Groups of closely related companies Figure 1: A Typical Extranet Configuration (Karra 2006, p. 5) There are four things that can be said of an extranet. First, an extranet is part of the Web and its operation relies on the infrastructure provided by the Internet. Secondly, an extranet is privately owned. This is unlike the Internet that is not owned by any one. When compared to intranet, an extranet if public as it allows companies to access each other’s information.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Extranet and B2B E-Commerce for Business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Another major characteristic of an extranet has to do with the fact that it is mostly used to facilitate business to business interactions. By using an extranet, Top Breadz and its partners will be able to exchange information. Lastly, it is critical for any e xtranet to guarantee security and control the way information is accessed and shared (Kallioranta Vlosky 2004). Generally, the use of a Web browser at the front of an extranet makes it less intimidating. Users without a strong foundation in IT are, therefore, saved from worrying about what goes on at the backend. Extranet Design Principles Extranets share the same design principles formulated for the Internet. These principles include the following: Interoperability Interoperability for B2B e-commerce means that companies and customers do not have to purchase and upgrade software from the same vendors. Their computers will be able to communicate over the Internet because of the standard protocols such as Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). Layering The structure of the Internet is layered. While the bottom layers of software are concerned with operating the computer hardware, higher layers come closer to the needs of the person using the Internet. For extranet users, the most relevant layer is the application layer which processes the information required by the Internet user. The different hardware and application layers need to communicate with each other and they do so by using well defined interfaces. The Internet layering standard results in increased reliability of Internet software and is invisible to the Internet user. Simplicity The layering has resulted in simplicity of software design. Each layer is concerned only with its own functionality, making its design simpler. For example, the layer concerned with physical devices like mouse operations are hidden from the higher layers that process information. The kind of simplicity contributes to increased software reliability and hence extranet reliability.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Uniform Naming and Addressing Each Internet host computer has an Internet Protocol (IP) address that uniquely identifies it on the Internet from millions of other computers on the Internet. End to End Protocols The Internet does not process information. It enables the transfer of packets of information between computers. The transmitting or receiving computers, known as the end system, do the actual processing of information. Business Related Benefits of the IT Innovation There are a number of benefits that are associated with the use of an extranet. Among the benefits of an extranet are the following: Coordination An extranet will allow the company to improve the flow of goods, services and information among it customers. The smooth interaction between Top Breadz and its partners will in turn improve efficiency and increase customer loyalty. Feedback An extranet will enable Top Breadz to receive instant feedback from its customers and other business partners. It will give consumers an opportunity to express their views about products or services before they are even introduced into the market. Customer Satisfaction Central to any business is customer satisfaction. When treated well, customers will always return to be served by the company. The use of an effective extranet will allow Top Breadz’s to increase the speed at which goods and services are delivered to the customers. Eventually, the relationship with the customers will therefore be strengthened. Cost Reduction With an efficient extranet in place, Top Breadz will be able to provide information to its partners in a timely manner and will equally receive whatever information it requires from its partners as and when needed. An extranet will also facilitate easy submission of purchase orders to the company by distributors. Top Breadz will also reduce its expenses through speedy delivery of goods as well as services. Expediting Communication Extranets increase the efficiency and effectiveness of co mmunications among business partners by linking intranets for immediate access to information. A traveling sales person can receive the latest product information from his or her hotel room before going to a sales meeting. Similarly, Top Breadz will be able to provide the latest information to a customer regarding its products without making several phone calls and going through different brochures and sales manuals. Specific Issues that May be Associated with Extranets Security is a critical aspect of extranet development, which extends to both the company and its partners. Security issues must be considered through the design, implementation, and management of any extranets applications. Developing a security plan for an extranet application should begin with a risk assessment to identify the potential sources of threat to the network, how likely these threats are to occur, and the investment in security that will be required. The level of security investment will vary depending o n the nature of the extranet application, the threats of intrusion, and the sensitivity of the information shared on the extranet. Among others, extranet security should consider authentication and access control, privacy and data integrity. Access Control Access control provides or denies access to the network and is usually implemented through deployment of a firewall. A firewall alone, however, is not a sufficient security strategy. Providing confidentiality of information while it is in transit over the public Internet can occur through encryption strategies. User authentication can take place in part at the firewall, but it is usually handled by the application service. User control, however, is almost always handled by the application service. Authentication Authentication defines the external population that is permitted to access the extranet. It will ensure that the external interaction with Top Breadz’s extranet is coming from an authorized source. Assigning account names and passwords to extranet users is one of the methods that will be used to implement authentication. The identity of an extranet user will then be confirmed when he or she presents both the account name and password to the host application. A security policy that allows the use of one-time only passwords that expires once a user has been authenticated or encrypting the password before transmission will be a great addition to the strengthening of Top Breadz’s security. Privacy Privacy of communication with the extranet and exchange of data are typically implemented through an encryption technique. Encryption is the process of scrambling data before transmission over the public Internet. Several techniques are available such as public and private key cryptography systems. While encryption is an effective strategy to protect the confidentiality of the information during transmission, it does not prevent inception and alteration or guarantee that the data packets are recei ved intact. Data Integrity Data Integrity provides the assurance that the data transmitted over the public Internet are not modified in any way. For most applications requiring privacy, encryption techniques such as secure sockets layer (SSL) connection will provide sufficient data privacy and integrity. Virtually all Web browsers recognize the SSL protocol, among others, for data encryption. Recommendation and Conclusion In spite of the challenges discussed above, the use of extranets is bound to improve the performance of Top Breadz’s B2B e-commerce services. It is a convenient way of saving costs and has a wide reach. Although the initial capital outlay is substantial, Top Breadz will certainly benefit by implementing the proposed solution. As was explained earlier, there are clear benefits that are linked to the use of extranets for B2B e-commerce. In implementing the solution, however, it will be necessary for Top Breadz to ensure that retail partners possess the requisi te skills to use the proposed system. This may be accomplished by assessing the capacity of these partners and providing training where needed. All the concerned parties must also be sensitized in advance as their involvement in the entire process is critical for a successful implementation. The team investigating the solution should also work closely with their counterparts at Top Breadz to clearly establish the scope of the proposed system. Reference List Kallioranta, SM Vlosky, RP 2004, A Model of Extranet Implementation Success Effects on Business Performance, lfpdc.lsu.edu/publications/working_papers/wp66.pdf. Karra, VK 2006, Using Extranets to Add Value: A B2B Perspective. Web.

How to Convert Grams to Moles - Step by Step Instructions

How to Convert Grams to Moles - Step by Step Instructions Many chemical calculations require the number of moles of a material, but how do you measure a mole? One common way is to measure the mass in grams and convert to moles. Converting grams to moles is easy with these few steps. The Process Determine the molecular formula of the molecule.Use the periodic table to determine the atomic mass of each element in the molecule.Multiply each elements atomic mass by the number of atoms of that element in the molecule. This number is represented by the subscript next to the element symbol in the molecular formula.Add these values together for each different atom in the molecule. This will give you the molecular mass of the molecule. This is equal to the number of grams in one mole of the substance.Divide the number of grams of the substance by the molecular mass. The answer will be the number of moles of the compound. See an example of converting grams to moles.